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Ukraine is a multi-ethnic and multicultural nation〔Andrew Wilson, "Ukrainian Nationalism in the 1990s: A Minority Faith", Cambridge University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-521-57457-9〕〔Andrew Wilson, "The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation", Yale University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-300-09309-8〕〔Serhii M. Plokhy, 'The History of a "Non-Historical" Nation: Notes on the Nature and Current Problems of Ukrainian Historiography', Slavic Review, Vol. 54, No. 3 (Autumn, 1995), pp. 709-716〕 where racism and ethnic discrimination are arguably largely a fringe issue.〔 However, there have been recorded incidents of violence where the victim's race is widely thought to have played a role. Those incidents receive extensive media coverage and are usually condemned by all mainstream political forces.〔Human Rights First (Government Response to Racially Motivated Crime in Ukraine )〕 Human Rights Watch reported that "Racism and xenophobia remain entrenched problems in Ukraine".〔(Essential Background: Overview of human rights issues in Ukraine (Human Rights Watch, 31-12-2005) )〕 In 2012 the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) reported that "tolerance towards Jews, Russians and Romani appears to have significantly declined in Ukraine since 2000 and prejudices are also reflected in daily life against other groups, who experience problems in accessing goods and services".〔(ECRI REPORT ON UKRAINE (fourth monitoring cycle) ), European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (21 February 2012)〕 In 2009, no racial murders were recorded (in Ukraine) and 40 racial incidents of violence were reported.〔 From 2006 to 2008, 184 attacks and 12 racially motivated murders took place.〔 Although according to Alexander Feldman, president of the Association of National and Cultural Unions of Ukraine, "People attacked on racial grounds do not report the incidents to the police and police often fail to classify such attacks as racially motivated and often write them off as domestic offence or hooliganism".〔(Reports of racist attacks down, but problem persists ), Kyiv Post (April 21, 2010)〕 A 2010 poll conducted by Kuras Institute of Political and Ethnic Studies showed that some 70 percent of Ukrainians estimates the nation's attitude towards other ethnical minorities as ‘conflict’ and ‘tense’.〔(Racial profiling still a problem in Ukraine ), Kyiv Post (July 27, 2010)〕 ==Race discrimination== Racially motivated attacks occur in Ukraine〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=FSU Monitor )〕 while police and courts do little to intervene, the Council of Europe said in a report made public February 2008 in Strasbourg.〔() Council of Europe Third report on Ukraine adopted on 29 June 2007 and made public on 12 February 2008〕 The report also expressed concern about attacks against rabbis and Jewish students, as well as the vandalism of synagogues, cemeteries and cultural centres. "However, criminal legislation against racially-motivated crimes has not been strengthened and the authorities have not yet adopted a comprehensive body of civil and administrative anti-discrimination laws", the body said. "There have been very few prosecutions against people who make antisemitic statements or publish antisemitic literature." Discrimination against the Romani community, continuing antisemitism, violence in Crimea〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Dozens of Muslim gravestones defaced in Ukraine`s Crimea region )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The act of vandalism on a moslem cemetery near Sevastopol )〕 and other acts of intolerance against various ethnic groups in Ukraine were singled out in the report by the Council of Europe's racism-monitoring body, the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Council of Europe releases Report on racism in Ukraine )〕 Skinhead violence against Tatars and Jews is also frequent and police have offered little protection to the different communities, it said. And ECRI asked Ukrainian authorities to step up efforts to fight violence by skinheads against Africans, Asians, and people from the Middle East〔.Korrespondent (ЄС прагне подолати расизм і ксенофобію в Україні )〕 For instance: in December 2006 racist attacks on foreign students have been reported by the Council of Europe. The council stated that students where reluctant to report attacks because of police response to these attacks seemed to be inadequate.〔 Many of these incidents are conducted by "skinheads" or neo-Nazis in Kiev, but similar crimes have also been reported throughout the country. In addition to incidents of assault,〔(Police Arrest Suspected In Beating 5 Chinese Students In Kyiv ), Ukrainian News Agency, October 2, 2008〕 persons of African or Asian heritage may be subject to various types of harassment, such as being stopped on the street by both civilians and law enforcement officials. Individuals belonging to religious minorities have also been harassed and assaulted in Kiev and throughout Ukraine〔() US department of state travel information about Ukraine〕 Ukraine does not currently have well established movements against illegal immigration or certain ethnic groups that are common in other former Soviet states. As a European country Ukraine is prone to outside influence from the neo-nazi and supremacist movements beyond its borders. For example, in areas of Southern Ukraine that have closer cultural and linguistic ties with Russia a number of neo-nazi groups resemble those in neighbouring Russia.〔Zerkalo Nedeli: (У полоні чотирьох імперій, або Про корені расизму в Росії і про небезпеку його сходів на Сході й Півдні України )〕 Since 2005, nongovernmental (NGO) monitors in Ukraine have documented a dramatic rise in violent crimes with a suspected bias motivation. While incidents occurring in Kiev have been most accurately documented, there is evidence that incidents of violence are taking place throughout the country, including the cities of Cherkasy, Chernivtsi, Kharkiv, Luhansk, Lutsk, Lviv, Mykolaiv, Odessa, Sevastopol, Simferopol, Ternopil, Vinnytsia, and Zhytomyr.〔Human Rights First (The Extent of Bias-Motivated Violence in Ukraine )〕 Representatives of the Ministry of Justice and Members of Ukrainian parliament stated that discrimination views and antisocial attitudes are practiced by a minority of the population, by fringe organizations, and by younger generation of Ukrainians; they say they are most alarmed by the younger Ukrainian's attitudes.〔Novinar: (Світ занепокоєний расовою нетерпимістю України )〕 The fact that, during the 2007 parliamentary elections, the right wing parties espousing xenophobic and racist ideology received very little support from the electorate, also points to the unpopularity of such ideas among the general population.〔 Bias-motivated violence has been largely committed against people of African and Asian origin, as well as people from the Middle East. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Racism and discrimination in Ukraine」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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